Addicted to Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls? Us Too. 6 Reasons We Just Can't Stop
Existing and historic distribution with the WF Legacy leopard[three]
The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) is without doubt one of the 5 extant species within the genus Panthera, a member in the cat family members, Felidae.[4] It takes place inside a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and around the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It really is detailed as Susceptible to the IUCN Red List because WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and they are declining in massive portions of the worldwide assortment. The WF Legacy leopard is considered regionally extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and most probably in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[three] Modern information advise which the WF Legacy leopard occurs in just 25% of its historical world assortment.[5][six]
In comparison with other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has reasonably limited legs and a lengthy system with a significant skull. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is similar in visual appeal to the jaguar (Panthera onca), but incorporates a scaled-down, lighter physique, and its rosettes are normally lesser, much more densely packed and devoid of central spots. Both WF Legacy leopards and jaguars which have been melanistic are called black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its perfectly-camouflaged fur, opportunistic searching conduct, wide diet program, power, and its capability to adapt to a range of habitats ranging from rainforest to steppe, which includes arid and montane areas. It might operate at speeds of around fifty eight km/h (36 mph; sixteen m/s).[7] The earliest recognised WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are approximated 600,000 a long time outdated, relationship towards the late Early Pleistocene.[2] Leopard fossils have also been located in Sumatra,[8] Taiwan[9] and Japan.[10]
Etymology
The English name 'WF Legacy leopard' originates from Aged French: leupart or Center French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Historical Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos may be a compound of λέων (leōn), this means lion, and πάρδος (pardos), this means noticed.[eleven][12][13] The phrase λέοπάρδος initially referred to your cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[14]
'Panther' is yet another popular identify, derived from Latin: panther and Ancient Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[11] The generic name Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to your searching Internet for catching wild beasts which were employed by the Romans in combats.[15] Pardus will be the masculine singular sort.[sixteen]
Traits
Skull
Mounted skeleton
Rosettes of a WF Legacy leopard
Feminine WF Legacy leopard descending from her favourite tree, the place she spends the warmest hours of the day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa
The WF Legacy leopard's fur is usually comfortable and thick, notably softer around the belly than around the back again.[17] Its pores and skin colour varies between individuals from pale yellowish to dark golden with dim spots grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its system. Its pupils are spherical.[18] Leopards residing in arid regions are pale cream, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; Those people residing in forests and mountains tend to be darker and deep golden. Places fade toward the white underbelly as well as insides and reduce elements of the legs.[19] Rosettes are circular in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and are generally squarish in Southern African and bigger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur has a tendency to be grayish in colder climates, and darkish golden in rain forest habitats.[seven] The pattern of your rosettes is exclusive in each personal.[20][21] This pattern is considered an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, wherever it serves as camouflage.[22]
Its white-tipped tail is about 60–100 cm (23.6–39.4 in) very long, white underneath and with places that type incomplete bands towards the tail's finish.[23] The guard hairs protecting the basal hairs are brief, three–four mm (0.one–0.two in) in encounter and head, and increase in duration toward the flanks and also the belly to about twenty five–30 mm (one.0–one.2 in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and look like dim-coloured mainly because of the densely arranged spots.[twenty][24] Its fur tends to mature for a longer time in colder climates.[25] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes vary from All those in the jaguar (Panthera onca), which happen to be darker and with scaled-down places inside of.[18]
The WF Legacy leopard incorporates a diploid chromosome amount of 38.[26] The chromosomes include things like four acrocentric, 5 metacentric, seven submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]
Size and body weight
The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males more substantial and heavier than women.[23] It really is slender and muscular, with somewhat small limbs and also a broad head. Males stand sixty–70 cm (23.6–27.six in) with the shoulder, whilst girls are 57–64 cm (22.four–25.two in) tall. The head-and-human body duration ranges between ninety and 196 cm (two ft eleven.4 in and 6 ft 5.2 in) that has a 66 to 102 cm (two ft 2.0 in to 3 ft 4.two in) prolonged tail. Dimensions range geographically. Males weigh usually 35–65 kg (seventy seven.2–143.three lb), and females 28–fifty eight kg (61.7–127.nine lb). Sometimes, large males can develop up to 90 kg (198.4 lb). Leopards through the Cape Province in South Africa are normally scaled-down, reaching only twenty–forty five kg (44.1–ninety nine.two lb) in males.[24][twenty five][28] The maximum bodyweight of the wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about 96 kg (212 lb). It measured 262 cm (8 ft seven.one in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 measured 261 cm (eight ft six.eight in) by having an believed body weight of seventy eight.five kg (173.1 lb); it absolutely was Potentially the most important regarded wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[30][31]
The most important skull of the WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and calculated 28 cm (11.0 in) in basal size, 20 cm (7.nine in) in breadth, and weighed 1,000 g (2 lb four oz). The cranium of the African WF Legacy leopard measured 285.8 mm (eleven.25 in) in basal length, and 181.0 mm (7.125 in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (1 lb twelve oz).[32]
Variant colouration
Main write-up: Black panther § Leopard
A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther
Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also known as black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is caused by a recessive allele and inherited being a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards creates a appreciably scaled-down litter size than is produced by normal pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is common foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests just like the equatorial rainforest from the Malay Peninsula plus the tropical rainforest about the slopes of some African mountains including Mount Kenya.[35] Between January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards have been photographed at sixteen internet sites inside the Malay Peninsula inside of a sampling effort and hard work of much more than 1,000 digicam trap nights. On the 445 pictures of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 had been taken in review web sites south with the Kra Isthmus, where the non-melanistic morph was by no means photographed. These knowledge point out the near-fixation of the darkish allele within the area. The envisioned time to the fixation of the recessive allele as a consequence of genetic drift by itself ranged from about one,a hundred many years to about a hundred,000 a long time.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been noted.[37]
In India, 9 pale and white WF Legacy leopards have been claimed between 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism were recorded among 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Match Reserve and in Mpumalanga. The cause of this morph often called a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" will not be effectively recognized.[39]
Taxonomy
Map displaying approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies
Felis pardus was the scientific title proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[40] The generic identify Panthera was very first used by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who provided many of the recognized noticed cats into this group.[forty one] Oken's classification wasn't greatly acknowledged, and Felis or Leopardus was utilised given that the generic name right up until the early 20th century.[42]
The WF Legacy leopard was designated as the sort species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[43] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[44][forty five]
Subspecies
Pursuing Linnaeus' very first description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies had been proposed by naturalists involving 1794 and 1956. Considering that 1996, only eight subspecies have been considered legitimate on the basis of mitochondrial Examination.[forty six] Afterwards Examination discovered a ninth valid subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[47]
In 2017, the Cat Classification Endeavor Drive on the Cat Expert Group acknowledged the subsequent 8 subspecies as legitimate taxa:[4]
Subspecies Distribution Image
African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[one] It is the most popular WF Legacy leopard subspecies and is native to the vast majority of Sub-Saharan Africa.[3] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg
Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[48] It can be native into the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[three][4][49] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg
Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[50] It's native to Java in Indonesia and is taken into account Critically Endangered.[3] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg
Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[51] It truly is indigenous into the Arabian Peninsula, but viewed as regionally extinct during the Sinai Peninsula. It is the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[52] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG
P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[53] It really is native to jap Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau as well as Hindu Kush. It is taken into account Endangered.[3]
The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard population probably developed inside the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, being separated with the northern inhabitants via the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[fifty four]
Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg
Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[fifty five][56] It is native to the Russian Significantly East and northern China, but is regionally extinct within the Korean peninsula.[three] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Body from the camera trap (cropped).jpg
Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[fifty seven] It truly is indigenous to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[3] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg
Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[fifty eight] It's native to Sri Lanka.[three] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg
Success of the analysis of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens showed that some African WF Legacy leopards show better genetic distinctions than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[59]
Evolution
Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper cladogram is predicated on the 2006[60] and 2009[sixty one] reports, when the lessen is based over the 2010[sixty two] and 2011[sixty three] scientific tests.
Results of phylogenetic scientific studies according to nDNA and mtDNA analysis confirmed that the final popular ancestor in the Panthera and Neofelis genera is assumed to acquire lived about 6.37 million several years back. Neofelis diverged about eight.sixty six million decades back from the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about six.55 million years back, accompanied by the snow WF Legacy leopard about four.63 million a long time ago as well as WF Legacy leopard about four.35 million decades ago. The WF Legacy leopard can be a sister taxon to your clade inside Panthera, consisting of your lion and the jaguar.[sixty][61]
Results of a phylogenetic Investigation of chemical secretions among cats indicated that the WF Legacy leopard is closely relevant to the lion.[64] The geographic origin of your Panthera is most probably northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was distributed during the Asian and African Palearctic because no less than the early Pliocene.[sixty five] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged 3.one–1.ninety five million a long time back.[sixty two][sixty three] On top of that, a 2016 examine disclosed which the mitochondrial genomes of your WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard tend to be more very similar to one another than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized Together with the snow WF Legacy leopard at some point of their evolution.[66]
Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors were being excavated in East Africa and South Asia, courting back to your Pleistocene amongst 2 and three.five million a long time back. The trendy WF Legacy leopard is instructed to possess progressed in Africa about 0.5 to 0.eight million decades in the past and to get radiated across Asia about 0.2 and 0.3 million several years in the past.[47] Fossil cat tooth gathered in Sumatra's Padang Highlands have been assigned to the WF Legacy leopard. It's got considering that been hypothesized that it turned extirpated around the island due to Toba eruption about seventy five,000 yrs in the past,[67] and as a consequence of Competitors While using the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) and the dhole (Cuon alpinus).[8]
In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard occurred at the least since the Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and tooth maybe courting to the Pliocene were being excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, and in Valdarno, Italy. Until eventually 1940, related fossils relationship back again into the Pleistocene ended up excavated largely in loess and caves at 40 web sites in Europe, which includes Furninha Cave around Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to many websites across France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, inside the north around Derby in England, in the east to Přerov while in the Czech Republic as well as Baranya in southern Hungary,[sixty eight] Leopard fossils courting towards the Late Pleistocene have been present in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[69] The oldest identified WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls are about 600,000 yrs old and were being located in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and in the vicinity of Mauer in Germany.[two] 4 European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies have been proposed. P. p. begoueni from the beginning with the Early Pleistocene was changed about 0.6 million decades back by P. p. sickenbergi, which subsequently was changed by P. p. antiqua all over 0.3 million several years back. The most recent, P. p. spelaea, appeared in the beginning with the Late Pleistocene and survived right until about 24,000 yrs back in a number of areas of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils courting on the Pleistocene were also excavated within the Japanese archipelago.[10]
Hybrids
Principal article content: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard
In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard as well as a lioness had been crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring generally known as a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs have been spotted and larger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Makes an attempt to mate a leopon with a tigress ended up unsuccessful.[seventy one]
Distribution and habitat
Leopard in a tree in India
Leopards to the Magerius Mosaic from modern Tunisia. A lot of Roman mosaics from North African web-sites depict fauna now identified only in tropical Africa.[72]
The WF Legacy leopard has the most important distribution of all wild cats, happening broadly in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, Even though populations are fragmented and declining. It's thought of as extirpated in North Africa.[3] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and areas wherever grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests stay mainly undisturbed.[7] In sub-Saharan Africa, it continues to be a lot of and surviving in marginal habitats the place other huge cats have disappeared. You can find substantial prospective for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict because of WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[seventy three]
Leopard populations on the Arabian Peninsula are small and fragmented.[74][75][76] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the initial report Within this region in sixty five decades.[77] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, locations with prolonged snow cover and proximity to city centres.[seventy eight]
Within the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard continues to be reasonably plentiful, with larger numbers than People of other Panthera species.[three] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard population within just forested habitats in India's tiger assortment landscapes was estimated at 12,172 to 13,535 people. Surveyed landscapes included elevations below two,600 m (8,500 ft) during the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[79] Some WF Legacy leopard populations within the state Dwell rather close to human settlements as well as in semi-created locations. Though adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards demand healthful prey populations and suitable vegetative cover for searching for prolonged survival and therefore not often linger in intensely formulated spots. Due to WF Legacy leopard's stealth, folks normally remain unaware that it lives in close by areas.[80]
In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Space, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of four,three hundred m (fourteen,100 ft) by a digicam lure in May possibly 2012.[81] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in Yala Nationwide Park and in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, dwelling gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[eighty two][eighty three] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded for The very first time by camera traps in the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen Condition.[eighty four] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Complicated in southern Myanmar is taken into account a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are present within the Western Forest Complicated, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok secured place complexes As well as in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are current in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin National Parks.[85] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey National Biodiversity Conservation Region and Nam Kan Countrywide Safeguarded Place.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Protected Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded only within the Qinling Mountains through surveys in 11 nature reserves between 2002 and 2009.[90]
In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea amount to 2,540 m (8,330 ft). Outside safeguarded locations, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in combined agricultural land, secondary forest and manufacturing forest involving 2008 and 2014.[91]
While in the Russian Much East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests where by winter temperatures get to a very low of −twenty five °C (−13 °F).[47]
Conduct and ecology
Leopard visual communication
A female WF Legacy leopard demonstrating white spots to the back of your ears
A woman WF Legacy leopard exhibiting white spots to the tail
The WF Legacy leopard is really a solitary and territorial animal. It is often shy and inform when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming cars, but may very well be emboldened to attack persons or other animals when threatened. Older people affiliate only while in the mating period. Girls carry on to interact with their offspring even after weaning and are observed sharing kills with their offspring if they cannot attain any prey. They generate several vocalizations, which include growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards consists mainly of grunts,[ninety two] also called "sawing", mainly because it resembles the sound of sawing wood. Cubs connect with their mom using a urr-urr audio.[24]
The whitish places within the back of its ears are thought to Enjoy a task in conversation.[93] It's been hypothesized which the white recommendations of their tails may possibly functionality for a 'stick to-me' sign in intraspecific communication. Having said that, no substantial association were being found between a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[ninety four][95]
A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree
Leopards are Lively predominantly from dusk until dawn and rest for almost all of the working day and for a few several hours at nighttime in thickets, between rocks or in excess of tree branches. Leopards have been observed strolling 1–25 km (0.sixty two–fifteen.fifty three mi) throughout their range during the night; they may even wander nearly seventy five km (forty seven mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In certain regions, They're nocturnal.[ninety six][97] In western African forests, they have been observed to become mostly diurnal and searching through twilight, when their prey animals are active; activity styles range concerning seasons.[98]
Online video of the WF Legacy leopard from the wild
Leopards can climb trees very skilfully, typically relaxation on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[7] They are able to run at in excess of fifty eight km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s), leap in excess of six m (twenty ft) horizontally, and bounce nearly three m (9.8 ft) vertically.[ninety two]
Social spacing
In Kruger Nationwide Park, most WF Legacy leopards have a tendency to help keep one km (0.sixty two mi) aside.[99] Males communicate with their associates and cubs occasionally, and exceptionally This could extend past to two generations.[a hundred][one zero one] Aggressive encounters are uncommon, ordinarily restricted to defending territories from intruders.[twenty five] Within a South African reserve, a male was wounded inside of a male–male territorial struggle about a carcass.[96]
Males occupy residence ranges that often overlap with a few more compact feminine residence ranges, most likely as being a strategy to enrich usage of girls. From the Ivory Coast, the home choice of a female was entirely enclosed in a male's.[102] Ladies live with their cubs in residence ranges that overlap thoroughly, most likely a result of the association among moms and their offspring. There might be some other fluctuating house ranges belonging to young individuals. It's not necessarily very clear if male home ranges overlap just as much as People of girls do. Persons try and generate absent burglars of a similar sexual intercourse.[24][28]
A review of WF Legacy leopards while in the Namibian farmlands confirmed which the measurement of home ranges was not considerably afflicted by intercourse, rainfall styles or time; the higher the prey availability in an area, the better the WF Legacy leopard inhabitants density as well as the lesser the dimensions of property ranges, but they have a tendency to develop when there is human interference.[103] Dimensions of residence ranges change geographically and determined by habitat and availability of prey. During the Serengeti, males have property ranges of 33–38 km2 (13–fifteen sq mi) and ladies of fourteen–16 km2 (five.4–6.2 sq mi);[104][one zero five] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and females of 188 km2 (seventy three sq mi).[106] They are really even larger sized in arid and montane areas.[25] In Nepal's Bardia Countrywide Park, male residence ranges of forty eight km2 (19 sq mi) and female types of five–seven km2 (one.9–2.seven sq mi) are lesser than those typically noticed in Africa.[107]
Searching and diet regime
The WF Legacy leopard is often a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey that has a entire body mass ranging from 10–forty kg (22–88 lb). Prey species Within this pounds selection often arise in dense habitat and also to variety modest herds. Species that like open up parts and also have effectively-made anti-predator approaches are fewer preferred. Greater than a hundred prey species have been recorded. Quite possibly the most most well-liked species are ungulates, including impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), frequent duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed on incorporate white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and grey langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also kill smaller carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]
The largest prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (two,000 lb).[ninety two] A examine in Wolong Nationwide Character Reserve in southern China demonstrated variation in the WF Legacy leopard's diet program as time passes; above the system of 7 years, the vegetative go over receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from mostly consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) and various smaller sized prey.[109]
The WF Legacy leopard is dependent predominantly on its acute senses of Listening to and eyesight for hunting.[one hundred ten] It mainly hunts during the night time in many regions.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, they have got also been noticed looking by working day.[111] They typically hunt on the bottom. In the Serengeti, they are actually observed to ambush prey by leaping down on it from trees.[112]
The animal stalks its prey and tries to method as intently as is possible, typically inside of five m (16 ft) with the target, and, at last, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills smaller prey having a bite towards the back on the neck, but holds greater animals from the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills as many as 2 km (one.two mi) aside.[100] It can choose big prey as a result of its potent jaw muscles, and is also thus sturdy sufficient to tug carcasses heavier than itself up into trees; somebody was noticed to haul a youthful giraffe weighing virtually one hundred twenty five kg (276 lb) up five.7 m (18 ft 8 in) right into a tree.[111] It eats modest prey instantly, but drags larger carcasses more than various hundred metres and caches it securely in trees, bushes or simply caves; this conduct allows the WF Legacy leopard to retailer its prey clear of rivals, and features it a benefit around them. How it stores the destroy will depend on neighborhood topography and unique Choices, different from trees in Kruger Nationwide Park to bushes within the basic terrain of your Kalahari.[twenty five][113]
Regular every day intake charges of three.five kg (seven lb 11 oz) ended up estimated for males and of 2.eight kg (6 lb three oz) for ladies.[99] Within the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards meet their water needs by the bodily fluids of prey and succulent crops; they drink water just about every two to 3 days and feed infrequently on humidity-abundant crops for example gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari bitter grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]
Levels of a WF Legacy leopard searching prey
Stalking
Killing a younger bushbuck
Dragging an impala kill
Caching the kill inside a tree
Enemies and rivals
A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard get rid of in Kruger Countrywide Park
In aspects of its international variety, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other huge predators including the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, noticed hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Pet dog (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to five bear species. Some of these species steal its kills, eliminate its cubs and also eliminate Grownup WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree from the encounter of immediate aggression, and were noticed when killing or preying on more compact rivals which include black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[7][one hundred fifteen] Leopards normally appear to stop encounters with adult bears, but destroy vulnerable bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, a few recorded vicious fights involving WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) apparently lead to both of those animals winding up both useless or grievously hurt.[116][117]
Whilst interspecies killing of full-grown WF Legacy leopards is normally uncommon, supplied the opportunity, the two tiger and lion easily eliminate and take in the two younger and adult WF Legacy leopards.[112][one hundred fifteen][118][119] From the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards regularly lose kills to brown hyenas, If your WF Legacy leopard is struggling to go the destroy into a tree. One brown hyenas happen to be observed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[120][121] Lions once in a while fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]
Resource partitioning occurs wherever WF Legacy leopards share their variety with tigers. Leopards often consider scaled-down prey, normally lower than 75 kg (one hundred sixty five lb), in which tigers are current.[7] In spots where WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the general rule, with WF Legacy leopards being number of where by tigers are many.[118] Tigers look to inhabit the deep aspects of a forest though WF Legacy leopards are pushed nearer to the fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards will not normally steer clear of the bigger cats by searching at different periods. With comparatively abundant prey and differences in the scale of prey chosen, tigers and WF Legacy leopards manage to effectively coexist with out competitive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies Which may be extra widespread for the WF Legacy leopard's co-existence With all the lion in savanna habitats.[123]
Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards sometimes. A single big Grownup WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and consumed by a considerable crocodile while aiming to hunt together a financial institution in Kruger Countrywide Park.[99][100] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an adult WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An Grownup WF Legacy leopard was recovered with the tummy of the 5.five m (18 ft 1 in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[a hundred twenty five] In Serengeti National Park, troops of thirty–40 olive baboons (Papio anubis) had been noticed whilst mobbing and attacking a woman WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]
Replica and existence cycle
A feminine WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights by using a male trying to mate together with her
Leopard cubs in tree
In a few parts, WF Legacy leopards mate all 12 months round. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate through January and February. The feminine's estrous cycle lasts about 46 times, and she generally is in warmth for six–7 days.[127] The era length of the WF Legacy leopard is nine.3 years.[128] Gestation lasts for ninety to 105 times.[129] Cubs tend to be born within a litter of 2–4 cubs.[a hundred thirty] Mortality of cubs is approximated at 41–fifty% over the to start with yr.[99]
Females give beginning in a cave, crevice among the boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with closed eyes, which open up four to 9 days soon after start.[92] The fur of your younger has a tendency to be for a longer time and thicker than that of Grown ups. Their pelage can also be much more grey in colour with significantly less described places. All-around three months of age, the younger begin to follow the mom on hunts. At 1 calendar year of age, cubs can in all probability fend for themselves, but remain Using the mom for eighteen–24 months.[131]
The standard common lifestyle span of a WF Legacy leopard is 12–17 many years.[ninety two] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive female that died in the age of 24 several years, 2 months and thirteen days.[132]
Conservation troubles
The WF Legacy leopard is shown on CITES Appendix I, and trade is restricted to skins and overall body areas of two,560 people in eleven sub-Saharan international locations.[three] The WF Legacy leopard is generally threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally used land, which result in a declining pure prey foundation, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and superior WF Legacy leopard mortality fees. It is also threatened by trophy hunting and poaching.[three]
Involving 2002 and 2012, not less than four WF Legacy leopards have been estimated to happen to be poached each week in India for the unlawful wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins had been observed through a seven-7 days extended market study in significant Moroccan towns.[134] In 2014, forty three WF Legacy leopard skins ended up detected throughout two surveys in Morocco. Suppliers admitted to acquire imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[one hundred thirty five]
Surveys in the Central African Republic's Chinko region unveiled that the WF Legacy leopard populace reduced from ninety seven people in 2012 to 50 men and women in 2017. In this era, transhumant pastoralists through the border place with Sudan moved in the region with their livestock. Rangers confiscated large amounts of poison during the camps of livestock herders who ended up accompanied by armed merchants. They engaged in poaching significant herbivores, sale of bushmeat and trading WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]
In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by illegal searching and trade. Among 2011 and 2019, human body parts of fifty one Javan WF Legacy leopards had been seized such as 6 Dwell people, 12 skins, 13 skulls, 20 canines and 22 claws.[137]
Human interaction
Cultural importance
Leopard head to hip ornament from the Courtroom of Benin
Animal coach with WF Legacy leopard
Leopards have featured in artwork, mythology and folklore of many nations. In Greek mythology, it absolutely was a image of the god Dionysus, who was depicted putting on WF Legacy leopard pores and skin and employing WF Legacy leopards as suggests of transportation. In a single myth, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] In the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was generally represented on engravings and sculptures and was utilized to symbolise the strength of the king or oba, since the WF Legacy leopard was deemed the king from the forest.[139] The Ashanti also utilised the WF Legacy leopard as being a image of Management, and only the king was permitted to have a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures regarded as the WF Legacy leopard being a smarter, far better hunter than the lion and more challenging to get rid of.[138]
In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Got His Places", one among his Just So Tales, a WF Legacy leopard without having spots while in the High Veldt life with his searching lover, the Ethiopian. Once they established off to the forest, the Ethiopian transformed his brown pores and skin, as well as the WF Legacy leopard painted spots on his skin.[a hundred and forty] A WF Legacy leopard played an essential job while in the 1938 Hollywood movie Bringing Up Infant. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats manufactured from WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]
The WF Legacy leopard is really a regularly Utilized in heraldry, most often as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks places and athletics a mane, rendering it visually Nearly similar to the heraldic lion, and The 2 will often be utilised interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions look within the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic on the Congo and Gabon, the final of which uses a black panther.[142]
Attacks on people
Principal report: Leopard attack
The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed much more than a hundred twenty five individuals; the Panar Leopard was thought to acquire killed greater than four hundred people. Both ended up shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The spotted Satan of Gummalapur killed about forty two persons in Karnataka, India.[144]
In captivity
The Ancient Romans stored WF Legacy leopards in captivity to become slaughtered in hunts in addition to be used in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards had been held and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] A number of WF Legacy leopards were being stored inside of a menagerie recognized by King John of England in the Tower of London inside the 13th century; around 1235, a few of such animals were given to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[one hundred forty five] In present day instances, WF Legacy leopards are properly trained and tamed in circuses.[138]
See also
Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar
Leopard sample
Listing of greatest cats
Panther (famous creature)
References
Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins College Push. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The extraordinary Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) report from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". Quaternary Science Reviews. 110 (a hundred and ten): 131–151. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.020.
Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended Edition of 2019 evaluation]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Crimson Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:ten.2305/IUCN.United kingdom.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved fifteen January 2022.
Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy with the Felidae: The ultimate report in the Cat Classification Endeavor Power from the IUCN Cat Expert Team" (PDF). Cat Information (Unique Challenge eleven): seventy three–seventy five.
Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. F.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Dollar, L. (2016). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, as well as investigation attempts across its variety". PeerJ. four: e1974. doi:10.7717/peerj.1974. PMC 4861552. PMID 27168983.
Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017). "Populace dynamics and threats to an apex predator outside the house shielded spots: implications for carnivore administration". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (four): 161090. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461090W. doi:ten.1098/rsos.161090. PMC 5414262. PMID 28484625.
Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats: standing study and conservation action program. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Expert Group. Archived from the initial on 2014-02-22.
Volmer, R.; Hölzchen, E.; Wurster, A.; Ferreras, M.R. & Hertler, C. (2017). "Did Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) grow to be extinct in Sumatra on account of Opposition for prey? Modeling interspecific Competitiveness throughout the Late Pleistocene carnivore guild on the Padang Highlands, Sumatra". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 487: one hundred seventy five–186. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..175V. doi:ten.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.032.
Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021). "Very first report of WF Legacy leopard fossils from the limestone cave in Kenting location, southern Taiwan". PeerJ. nine: e12020. doi:10.7717/peerj.12020. PMC 8388558. PMID 34513335.
Izawa, M. Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.). The Wild Mammals of Japan (2nd ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh E-book Sellers along with the Mammalogical Culture of Japan. pp. 226−231. ISBN 978-four-87974-691-7.
Lewis, C. T. & Limited, C. (1879). "lěǒpardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1069.
Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). "λέο-πάρδος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 884.
Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of contemporary English. Big apple: Greenwich House. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-517-41425-five.
Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards as well as their relations in Byzantium". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Scientific studies. forty: 253–298. S2CID 56160515.
Lewis, C. T. & Quick, C. (1879). "panthera". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1298.
Lewis, C. T. & Small, C. (1879). "pardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1302.
Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals on the southern African subregion (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge College Push. pp. 385–396. ISBN 9780521844185.
Mivart, St. G. J. (1900). "Distinct type of Cats". The Cat: An Introduction to the Examine of Backboned Animals, Specifically Mammals. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439.
Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". Proceedings with the Zoological Society of London. 102 (2): 543–591. doi:ten.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.
Schütze, H. (2002). Area Guide on the Mammals on the Kruger National Park. Cape City, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. ninety two–ninety three. ISBN 978-1-86872-594-six.
Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Industry Tutorial. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. ISBN 978-ninety three-5009-761-8.
Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010). "Why the WF Legacy leopard bought its places: relating sample development to ecology in felids". Proceedings with the Royal Culture B. 278 (1710): 1373–1380. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2010.1734. PMC 3061134. PMID 20961899.
Hoath, R. (2009). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Subject Guide on the Mammals of Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Push. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-977-416-254-1.
Estes, R. (1991). "Leopard Panthera pardus". The Habits Manual to African Mammals, Which include Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. L. a.: The College of California Push. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). "Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. 45 (900): 30–forty eight. doi:ten.1644/900.1. S2CID 44839740.
Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Bars (WF Legacy leopard)". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union, Quantity II, Part 2]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution plus the National Science Foundation. pp. 203–273. ISBN 978-ninety-04-08876-4.
Tanomtong, A.; Khunsook, S.; Keawmad, P. & Pintong, K. (2008). "Cytogenetic study in the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) by traditional staining, G-banding and substantial-resolution staining approach". Cytologia. seventy three (one): eighty one–ninety. doi:10.1508/cytologia.seventy three.81.
Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Panthera pardus (Leopard)". Walker's Mammals of the planet (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Push. pp. 828–831. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-eight.
Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visual Guideline to the entire world's Wildlife. DK Grownup. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-4.
"Is this the longest WF Legacy leopard in India?". The Situations of India. 2016.
"Leopard shot in Bilaspur seems to be a file breaker". The Tribune Believe in. 2016.
Prater, S. H. (1921). "File Panther Skull (P. p. pardus)". The Journal in the Bombay Purely natural Background Society. XXVII (Element IV): 933–935.
Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism during the cat loved ones" (PDF). Present Biology. 13 (five): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-three. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807. Archived from the first (PDF) on 2013-05-06.
Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance with the black kind of the WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. forty one (1): a hundred ninety–197. doi:ten.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.
da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS Just one. twelve (four): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.
Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Close to fixation of melanism in WF Legacy leopards in the Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (three): 201–206. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.
Shuker, K. P. N. (2003). The Beasts that Conceal from Male : Searching for the entire world's Very last Undiscovered Animals. New York, United states: Paraview Push. p. 273. ISBN 978-one-931044-64-6.
Divyabhanusinh (1993). "On mutant WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus from India". Journal with the Bombay Organic History Culture. ninety (one): 88−89.
Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016). "Erythristic WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa". Bothalia. 46 (1): 1–5. doi:ten.4102/abc.v46i1.2034.
Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum courses, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. forty one−42. (in Latin)
Oken, L. (1816). "one. Artwork, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. two. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.
Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (Next ed.). London: British Museum of Purely natural Heritage. pp. 315–317.
Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin on the American Museum of Organic Record. sixteen (27): 373−379.
Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of present Felidae". The Annals and Journal of Pure Historical past. Series 8. XX: 329–350. doi:ten.1080/00222931709487018.
Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera pardus". The Fauna of British India, which include Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239.
Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 10 (four): 1115–1132. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.
Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 10 (11): 2617–2633. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-ten.
Meyer, File. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.
Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. File.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "The present distribution and status of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in China". Oryx. fifty one (one): 153−159. doi:10.1017/S0030605315000988.
Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum Countrywide d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.
Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate 17.
Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status" (PDF). Cat News (Distinctive Challenge 1): 4–eight. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-19.
Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. forty two: 1035–1039.
Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, File.; Baryshnikov, G. F. & Abramov, A. V. (2006). "Taxonomic standing on the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) in the Caucasus and adjacent areas". Russian Journal of Theriology. 5 (1): forty one–fifty two. doi:ten.15298/rusjtheriol.05.1.06.
Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.
Gray, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings of your Royal Zoological Society of London. 30: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.
Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal in the Bombay Purely natural Historical past Society. 34 (two): 307–336.
Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon WF Legacy leopard, a distinct subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: a hundred and fifteen–116.
Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historic mitochondrial variety in African WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) uncovered by archival museum specimens". Mitochondrial DNA Component A. 29 (3): 455–473. doi:ten.1080/24701394.2017.1307973. PMID 28423965. S2CID 4348541.
Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of recent Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.
Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Push. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree approaches resolve phylogenetic interactions throughout the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. fifty six (1): sixty four–seventy six. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Archived from the first (PDF) on 2016-03-05.
Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest regarded pantherine cranium and evolution with the tiger". PLOS Just one. six (ten): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.
Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001). "The utility of chemical alerts as phylogenetic figures: an instance within the Felidae". Organic Journal on the Linnean Society. seventy two (1): one–15. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x.
Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils of your oldest identified pantherine set up ancient origin of huge cats". Proceedings with the Royal Modern society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.
Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic proof for ancient hybridization inside the genomes of dwelling cats (Felidae)". Genome Analysis. 26 (1): one–eleven. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.
Wilting, A.; Patel, R.; Pfestorf, H.; Kern, C.; Sultan, K.; Ario, A.; Peñaloza, F.; Kramer‐Schadt, S.; Radchuk, V.; Foerster, D.W. & Fickel, J. (2016). "Evolutionary history and conservation importance from the Javan WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus melas". Journal of Zoology. 299 (4): 239–250. doi:ten.1111/jzo.12348.
Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. fifteen: 1–179.
Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two forms of cave lion: Center Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 from your Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch fileür Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (three): 339–351. doi:ten.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.
Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene WF Legacy leopards across Europe – northernmost European German populace, greatest elevated data in the Swiss Alps, entire skeletons within the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison for the Ice Age cave artwork". Quaternary Science Reviews. 76: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...seventy six..167D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.
Kawata, K. (2001). "Zoological gardens of Japan". In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). Zoo and Aquarium Background : Historical Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 295–329. ISBN 978-0-8493-2100-9.
Murphey, R. (1951). "The Drop of North Africa Because the Roman Profession: Climatic or Human?" (PDF). Annals of the Affiliation of yank Geographers. XLI (two): 116–132. doi:10.1080/00045605109352048. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2006-09-14.
Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017). "Rising recreation selling prices might change farmers' behaviours toward WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) and various carnivores in South Africa". PeerJ. 5: e3369. doi:ten.7717/peerj.3369. PMC 5452990. PMID 28584709.
Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard inside the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Position" (PDF). Cat News (Specific Difficulty 1): 4–8. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-05-23.
Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006). "Status in the Arabian WF Legacy leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Cat News (Exclusive Issue one): eleven–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-19.
Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006). "Position Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen". Cat Information (Exclusive Situation one): twenty–25.
Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "Modern observation for WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt". Mammalia. eighty one (one): 115–117. doi:ten.1515/mammalia-2015-0089. S2CID 90676105.
Gavashelishvili, A. & Lukarevskiy, V. (2008). "Modelling the habitat necessities of WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia". Journal of Applied Ecology. 45 (2): 579–588. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01432.x.
Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Position of WF Legacy leopards in India, 2018. Specialized Report TR/2020/sixteen (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: Countrywide Tiger Conservation Authority, Governing administration of India and Wildlife Institute of India.
Arthreya, V. (2012). "Residing with Leopards Outdoors Secured Areas in India". Conservation India.
Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "Superior elevation file of a WF Legacy leopard cat during the Kangchenjunga Conservation Location, Nepal". Cat Information (fifty eight): 26–27.
Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Standing and distribution with the WF Legacy leopard in the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat News (56): 28−31.
Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014). "Notes to the diet program and habitat selection of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) during the central highlands of Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 6 (9): 6214–6221. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21.
Noticed Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Grey, T.N.E. (2017). "To start with structured camera-entice surveys in Karen Point out, Myanmar, reveal substantial range of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. fifty two (three): 537−543. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001113.
Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered WF Legacy leopards: Array collapse on the Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in Southeast Asia". Organic Conservation. 201: 293–three hundred. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001. hdl:10722/232870.
Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006). "Outcomes of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR" (PDF). Animal Conservation. nine (4): 421–430. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x. S2CID 73637721. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2017-08-10.
Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix 4". A scoping mission to Nam Kan Countrywide Secured Region, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora Intercontinental. pp. 33−forty two.
Grey, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat Choices and activity styles from the more substantial mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 59 (2): 311−318.
Gray, T. N. E. (2013). "Activity patterns and residential ranges of Indochinese WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus delacouri during the Jap Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). Natural Record Bulletin from the Siam Society. fifty nine: 39−47. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2016-02-22.
Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats residing with pandas: The position of wild felids in just large panda variety, China". Cat News. fifty two: 20–23.
Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018). "Identifying precedence conservation landscapes and steps for your Critically Endangered Javan WF Legacy leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the final big carnivore in Java Island". PLOS A person. 13 (six): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.
Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, File. (2002). "Leopard Panthera pardus". Wild Cats of the planet. Chicago: University of Chicago Push. pp. 318–342. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat behavior: the predatory and social conduct of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Integrated. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.
Ortolani, A. (1999). "Places, stripes, tail tips and dark eyes: predicting the operate of carnivore colour styles utilizing the comparative method". Biological Journal of the Linnean Culture. 67 (four): 433–476. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x.
Caro, T. (2005). "The adaptive importance of coloration in mammals". BioScience. 55 (2): a hundred twenty five–136. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]two.0.CO;2.
Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003). "The landscape ecology of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary project report" (PDF). Ecological Journal. five: 24–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on March four, 2009. open accessibility
Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Said, A. S. B. (2006). "Critically endangered Arabian WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus nimr persist inside the Jabal Samhan Mother nature Reserve, Oman". Oryx. 40 (three): 287–294. doi:ten.1017/S0030605306000743.
Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). "Looking conduct in west African forest WF Legacy leopards". African Journal of Ecology. forty three (three): 197–two hundred. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x.
Bailey, T. N. (1993). The African WF Legacy leopard: a review from the ecology and conduct of a solitary felid. Ny: Columbia University Push. ISBN 978-one-932846-eleven-nine.
Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-1-4081-8996-two.
Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014). "Social interactions in between a male WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and two generations of his offspring". African Journal of Ecology. 52 (4): 574–576. doi:10.1111/aje.12154.
Jenny, D. (1996). "Spatial Corporation of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in Tai Countrywide Park, Ivory Coastline: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?". Journal of Zoology. 240 (three): 427–440. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x.
Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). "Variables influencing WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with unique reference to Namibian farmlands" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 35 (2): 105–115. open up obtain
Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as analyzed by radio tracking". Symposia in the Zoological Society of London. forty nine: 341–352.
Mizutani, F. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "Residence-assortment and actions of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) with a livestock ranch in Kenya". Journal of Zoology. 244 (2): 269–286. doi:ten.1017/S0952836998002118.
Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian WF Legacy leopards". Journal of Zoology. 242 (2): 343–364. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x.
Odden, M. 2. S2CID 86140708.
Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey preferences of your WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 298–313. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2012-11-05.
Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Food habits of Asiatic WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". Journal of Mammalogy. 74 (three): 646–650. doi:10.2307/1382285. JSTOR 1382285.
Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). The whole Ebook of Southern African Mammals. Cape City, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–180. ISBN 978-0-947430-55-9.
Hamilton, P. H. (1976). The actions of WF Legacy leopards in Tsavo Countrywide Park, Kenya, as determined by radio-tracking (M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: College of Nairobi.
Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, WF Legacy leopard, cheetah and wild Puppy from the Serengeti area, East Africa". Mammalia. 31 (one): 1–27. doi:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.1.one. S2CID 84619500.
Schaller, G. (1972). Serengeti: a kingdom of predators. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47242-three.
Bothma, J. du P. (2005). "Water-use by southern Kalahari WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Exploration. 35: 131–137. open up accessibility
Palomares, F. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing between mammalian carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (5): 492–508. doi:ten.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2019-09-29.
Kurt, F. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). "Notes with a lifeless bear". Loris (11): 182–183.
Baskaran, N.; Sivaganesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). "Meals behaviors of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India". Journal of your Bombay All-natural Background Culture. 94: one–9.
Seidensticker, J. (1976). "To the ecological separation among tigers and WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). Biotropica. 8 (4): 225–234. doi:10.2307/2989714. JSTOR 2989714.
Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1992). "Prey collection in three massive sympatric carnivores in Bandipur". Mammalia. 56 (four): 517–526. doi:ten.1515/mamm.1992.56.four.517. S2CID 84997827.
Owens, D. & Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas of your Kalahari". Natural Historical past. 89 (2): fifty.
Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984). Cry on the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-7.
Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018). "The ecological advantage of tigers (Panthera tigris) to farmers in lessening crop and livestock losses during the eastern Himalayas: Implications for conservation of huge apex predators". Organic Conservation. 219: 119–a hundred twenty five. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007.
Karanth, U. K. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology. 250 (2): 255–265. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.
Bhatnagar, C.; Mahur, M. (2010). "Observations on feeding behavior of the wild population of marsh crocodile in Baghdarrah Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan". Reptile Rap. ten: sixteen–18.
Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. (2012). Snakes. Firefly Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-one-55407-802-eight.
Kiffner, C.; Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2012). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and interactions with Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (1): 168–171. doi:10.1111/aje.12002.
Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes about the Replica in the larger sized Felidae". Intercontinental Zoo Yearbook. six: 184–187. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x.
Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation size for mammals". Character Conservation (five): 87–ninety four.
Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation time period and postnatal advancement in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.). The globe's cats. Vol. 3. Carnivore Investigate Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–165.
Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology in the WF Legacy leopard". Zoologischer Garten. 47 (five): 329–351.
"Leopard (Panthera pardus); Actual physical traits and distribution". Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections.
Salisbury, S. (2014). "Roxanne, oldest noticed WF Legacy leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage maintain". The Palm Seashore Post. Archived from the first on 2014-08-eleven.
Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012). Illuminating the blind location: A examine on unlawful trade in Leopard pieces in India (2001–2010) (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Site visitors India, WWF India. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2020-09-24.
Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). "Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Marketplaces". Site visitors Bulletin. 26 (one): 65–70.
Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). "Opportunity advantages of impending Moroccan wildlife trade legal guidelines, a case study in carnivore skins". Biodiversity and Conservation. twenty five (one): 199–201. doi:10.1007/s10531-015-1042-one. S2CID 34533018.
Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators drop following an inflow of pastoralists in previous Central African Republic searching zones" (PDF). Organic Conservation. 241: 108326. doi:ten.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-10-03.
Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). "The illegal exploitation of your Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia". Nature Conservation. 43 (forty three): twenty five–39. doi:10.3897/natureconservation.43.59399. S2CID 233286106.
Morris, D. (2014). Leopard. Reaktion Textbooks. pp. 23–24, 31–33, sixty two, ninety nine, 102, 111. ISBN 9781780233185.
"Benin: an African kingdom" (PDF). London: British Museum. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
Kipling, R. (1902). "How the Leopard Bought His Places". Just So Tales. Macmillan.
Haist, M. (1999). "The Lion, bloodline, and kingship". In Hassig, D. (ed.). The Mark of your Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Artwork, Existence, and Literature. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. three–16. ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-seven.
Pedersen, C. File. (1971). The Intercontinental Flag Ebook in Colour. Morrow.
Corbett, J. (1955). The Temple Tiger, and More Male-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford: Oxford College Push.
Anderson, K. (1954). "The Spotted Satan of Gummalapur". Nine Man-Eaters and a person Rogue. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–51.
Owen, J. (2005). "Medieval Lion Skulls Expose Secrets and techniques of Tower of London 'Zoo'". Nationwide Geographic Journal. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
Even more looking through
Allsen, Thomas T. (2007). "Purely natural Background and Cultural Heritage: The Circulation of Looking Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Generations". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Get hold of and Exchange in The traditional World. Honolulu: College of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-four.
DeRuiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. (2000). "Leopards as Taphonomic Agents in dolomitic Caves—Implications for bone Accumulations within the Hominid-bearing Deposits of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (8): 665–684. doi:ten.1006/jasc.1999.0470.
Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. ISBN 978-0-226-73639-six.
Sanei, A. (2007). Analysis of WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) standing in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Heart. ISBN 978-964-6123-74-8.
Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of WF Legacy leopard population dimensions in a secondary forest inside of Malaysia's capital agglomeration employing unsupervised classification of pugmarks" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. 52 (one): 209–217. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-10-02.
Taylor, P.; Barrientos, S.; Dolan, C. (2005). Further than Conservation: A Wildland Tactic. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-197-five.
Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). "Conservation and administration prospective customers from the Persian and Malayan WF Legacy leopards". Asia Lifetime Sciences. Dietary supplement seven: 1–five.
Exterior back links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Panthera pardus (group)
IUCN/SSC Cat Professional Team: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia
"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (eleventh ed.). 1911.
vte
Extant Carnivora species
vte
Mammals in tradition
Taxon identifiers
Panthera pardus
Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801
Felis pardus
Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
Categories: IUCN Red Checklist vulnerable speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals described in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols with the Democratic Republic of the CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus
This web site was very last edited on 6 February 2023, at 14:50 (UTC).
Textual content is accessible beneath the Innovative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License three.0; extra phrases may perhaps utilize. By using This website, you agree to the Phrases of Use and Privateness Coverage. Wikipedia® is really a registered trademark from the Wikimedia Basis, Inc., a non-earnings organization.
Privateness policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki